Jurassic Park :: Essays Papers

Jurrasic Park 2Jurassic Park Jurassic Park takes place on an Island send off the Coast of Costa Rica which is owned by a multimillionaire, John Hammond. On this island he has set up a genetical engineering facility which permits him and his scientist to compel dinosaur from blood extracted from prehistoric mosquitos, that have been preserved in amber. Before he opens this living attraction to the public he needs specialist to approve the park. He brings them to the island and draws to show them what he has accomplished. While they are touring the island one of the computer programmers, Dennis Nedry, is secretly planning to steal dinosaur embryos from the park and sell them to a company that is trying to take down by with Hammond. The only way Nedry can obtain these embryos is to immobilize the park by interrupting the parks normal function, so that he could sneak in and steal the embryos. This totally takes place while the visitors are out in the park touring, and in the mist o f a terrible storm. After Nedry has executed a virus in order to steal the embryos the storm hits, and the park power goes out. As the power goes out the visitors to the island are stuck in the middle of nowhere, with an escaped T-Rex.Everyone flees and is scattered through the park. The animals begin attacking the control building, while they are search for food. Since all the power is out there is no way to stop them, or containing them. In the frenzy a scientist , Wu, discovers that the dinosaurs have been mating, which they thought wasnt possible, because they were only cloning females, but the dinosaurs have adapted and have found a way to reproduce. They think they got the power bandaging on so they try to put all the animals back in their holding areas. Little did they know that the whole time the park was running on auxiliary power, and once this power ran out they could not restore the main power. When all the power finally ran out the animals began attacking at full arm ament now. Their only alternative to get the power restored is to have someone manually turn on another auxiliary power generator so they could get the main power running again. The visitors and the staff of Jurassic Park escape but with two casualties. They escape by having a helicopter pick them up.

The Narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay examples -- racism

The Narrator in Ralph Ellisons In gross Man The narrator in Ralph Ellisons ultraviolet Man views himself as invisible because he believes the world is full of blind men who cannot see him for who is rightfully is. In the beginning of the story, the narrator is treated by white men as the stereotypical black male - sex-hungry, poor and violent. These white men ar completely blind to what black men in truth are. However, as the novel progresses, the narrator finds a way to remain invisible, yet take power from those who previously held it. Later on, we find that the invisible man last develops into a man capable of flake stereotypes and racism in a very visible way. Through this progression, the narrator is able to beat away anti-Semite(a) attitudes. In chapter one, we are introduced to the narrator and rapidly we see that he is being dominated by white confines of racism and stereotypes. The narrator starts by reminiscing most his class speech during his high prepare graduation. The speech stressed submission as the way for black Americans to advance in the social structure. The speech was so well received that the town coherent for him to give the speech in front of the towns most influential white leaders. In the narrators eyes, the white men are rewarding his submissive nature. But the subscriber is presented with the truth of what is actually going on when he arrives to meet these men. First, the white men bring out a naked blond woman and lastingness the black boys to look at the women. Some become sexually aroused - playing o... ...ible Man. Ellison places himself in the novel because he is showing how a proactive near can be taken to approach society is a composite individual. By writing this book and tackling complex ideas of racism, he is making a proactive contribut ion to society. So when the narrator begins to use the dozens and discovers a piece of his cultural heritage, and then he sees in the full light who he really is, he is conveying the idea to anyone reading this book that there is more to African Americans than just violence and slavery. He is forcing others to acknowledge him as well as the existence of other beliefs and behaviors of blacks outside of their prescribed stereotypes. So, we see at the conclusion of this progression that the narrator can come forth from his cloak of invisibility, and make a visible difference in society. The Narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay examples -- racismThe Narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man The narrator in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man views himself as invisible because he believes the world is full of blind men who cannot see him for who is really is. In the beginning of the story, the narrator is treated by white men as the stereotypical black male - sex-hungry, poor and violent. These white men are completely blind to what black men really are. However, as the novel progresses, the narrator finds a way to remain invisible, yet take power from those who previously held it. Later on, we find that the invisible man eventually develops into a man capable of fighting stereotypes and racism in a very visible way. Through this progression, the narrator is able to beat away racist attitudes. In chapter one, we are introduced to the narrator and quickly we see that he is being dominated by white confines of racism and stereotypes. The narrator starts by reminiscing about his class speech during his high school graduation. The speech stressed submission as the way for black Americans to advance in the social structure. The speech was so well received that the town arranged for him to give the speech in front of the towns most influential white leaders. In the narrators eyes, the white men are rewarding his submissive nature. But the reader is presented with the truth of what is actually going on when he arrives to meet these men. First, the white men bring out a naked blond woman and force the black boys to look at the women. Some become sexually aroused - playing o... ...ible Man. Ellison places himself in the novel because he is showing how a proactive approach can be taken to approach society is a complex individual. By writing this book and tackling complex ideas of racism, he is making a proactive contribution to society. So when the narrator begins to use the dozens and discovers a piece of his cultural heritage, and then he sees in the full light who he really is, he is conveying the idea to anyone reading this book that there is more to African Americans than just violence and slavery. He is forcing others to acknowledge him as well as the existence of other beliefs and behaviors of blacks outside of their prescribed stereotypes. So, we see at the conclusion of this progression that the narrator can emerge from his cloak of invisibility, and make a visible difference in society.

Human Nature/Cycles of Life and Escape and Adventure :: Essays Papers

Human Nature/Cycles of Life and Escape and AdventureThroughout the life everyone goes through cycles of events that inevitablylead them to new directions in life. It leaves one lacking to explore alife greater than what he or she has. Such cycles can include the creationof new friendships, longing for love or lust, ennui or simply wantingsomething more from life. In the book Dubliners by James Joyce, stories ofescape and adventure are clearly evident in Araby and Eveline and The loose. Each story presents a desire to search for something greater inlife and to leave something behind. But the idea of escaping from somethingor someone, or reaching a new place, is impeded by their situationDublin.In the story Araby, a young man looks to embark on a new journey thatwith the hopes of kind his new found desire for romantic intimacy witha particular girl. The sons adventure lies in going to a place calledAraby to find a apply for this girl that he is trying to impress. If I go,he says, I will bring you something (24). Joyce uses the cycles theme inthis story. At some point in age in life everyone finds some person thathe or she likes and hope to impress in some way. A lot of times it happensmore than erst most of the time a token of our attempt to woo a specialsomeone is through gifts, usually materials, which he clearly wants to doin the story. Joyce clearly shows the boys desire to adventure, throughhis willingness to impress this girl by going to a bazaar to search for hera gift and that seems to be all he can think of for quite some time Ihardly had any patience with the serious work of life which, now that itstood between me and my desire, seemed to me childs play, awful monotonous(24). He also has this idea about the bazaar form hearing other people talkabout it.Another cycle the boy in Araby is going through is dealing with sexualityAll my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves and, feeling that I wasabout to slip them, I pressed the palms of my hold together until theytrembled (23) A bazzar is the equivalent to a modern day Mardi Gras. Joyceuses the bazaar to symbolize, exotic delights, escape, and sensuality.Joyce uses the description of the event to represent this mode In frontof me was a large building which displayed the magical name (26). Theboys infatuation with this girl leaves him with fantasies about the girl

Posthumous Rating of Hawthorne and “Young Goodman Brown” :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Posthumous Rating of Hawthorne and Young Goodman Brown This essay intends to construct the main literary criticism of the former, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Young Goodman Brownsince the authors death in 1864. Nathaniel Hawthornes acclamation as a great writer by both critics and the general public was not an overnight occurrence. The Norton Anthology American Literature states that he was agonizingly slow in winning acclaim (547). Initially, of course, Nathaniel Hawthornes literary works went unranked among those of other American and British writers. But his reputation grew gradually even among contemporary critics, until he was recognized as a man of genius. The question in this essay is this How does he and Young Goodman Brown fare since 1864 when Hawthorne died. The poet, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, wrote a poem commemorating Hawthorne for the funeral in 1864 . . . . There in seclusion and remote from men The wizard hand lies cold, Which at its topmost speed let fall th e pen, And left the tale half told. Ah who shall lift that nightstick of magic power, And the lost clew regain? The unfinished windows in Aladdins tower Unfinished must remain In 1871 James T. Fields published Yesterdays With Authors, in which Chapter 3 deals with his evaluation of Nathaniel Hawthorne I AM sitting to-day opposite the likeness of the rarest genius America has given to literature,--a man who lately sojourned in this busy demesne of ours, but during many years of his life Wandered lonely as a cloud,-- a man who had, so to speak, a physical affinity with solitude. The writings of this author have never soiled the public mind with one unlovely image. His men and women have a magic of their own, and we shall wait a long sentence before another arises among us to take his place. Indeed, it seems probable no one will ever walk precisely the same round of fiction which he traversed with so free and firm a step. What lovely thoughts What a tribute to Hawthornes genius The very next year Henry James wrote a review of Hawthorne for the Nation Our remarks are not provoked by any visible detriment conferred on Mr. Hawthornes fame by these recent publications. . .His journals throw but undersized light on his personal feelings, and even less on his genius per se.

The Dada Movement - Russian Avant-Garde on the Internet Essay -- Explo

The atomic number 91 Movement - Russian Avant-Garde on the World Wide weaveRussia witnessed an artistic revolution during the turn of the 20th century that attempted to overturn arts place in society. Today, we are witnessing a new revolution that is growing at an alarming rate and attracting a variety of people every day. This phenomenon is known as the Internet. The World Wide Web is more than a medium for discipline and research, but serves as a tool for preserving and glorifying the treasures of art. This paper will argue that through the Internet, society still inhabits the world created by the Russian avant-garde whose bequest lives on in art, dance, music, and social groups. Members of the Dada movement in Pre-Revolutionary Russia found themselves unable to communicate the excitement of the avant-garde, however, with the Internet, that excitement is once again re-lived. The International Dada Archive of the University of Iowa is an example of the how the Internet is used a s a tool to immortalize the works of the Dada movement. The purpose of the archive is to preserve and spread the written word of the Dada movement. Unlike contemporary art, the artist and writers of the Dada movement did not aim to create eternal works of art and literature (Shipe 2). Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball, leading of the movement, reacted against World War I and wanted to open the way to a new art and a new society. Though Dadaists published books and displayed their work, the real life story of Dada was in events cabaret performances, demonstrations, confrontation, distribution of leaflets, and small magazines (Shipe 2). These documents exist but can only be found within diaries, audiences, newspaper accounts, and throwaway leaflets. The documents are made a... ...ormation concerning all types of art within the click of a mouse. Because millions of people have access to the Internet, art itself will have a greater detention and a broader understanding. The World Wide We b is more than a medium for education and research, but serves as a tool for preserving and glorifying the treasures of art. Works CitedHeartfield, John. lendable http//burn.ucsd.edu/heart.htm.Mital-Underground. Available http//www.mital-u.ch/index.html.Turner, Ron. Available http// www.connect.net/ron/dada.htmlShipe, Timothy. International Dada Archive, University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City University of Iowa. Available http//www.uiowa.edu/dada/about.html 1997. Stoppard, Tom. Travesties. New York Grove Press, 1975. Zygonov, Victor. The Nuemerz Manifesto. Available http// www.smalltime.com/nowhere/neumerz/manifesto.htm.

Free Candide Essays: The Human Corruption :: Candide essays

Human Corruption in Candide tally to Voltaire, Mans goal is his own happiness. This goal all too often is a mirage. (Gay 26) Man is the forgo of his own passion, victim of his own stupidity. Man is the play involve manpowert of fate. (Gay 26) The human checker is set with ills that no amount of rationality can cure. (Gay 27) This human condition translates to human corruption. Voltaire hints of this corruption through Candide. Candide impacted society as Voltaire knew it. English Admirals that loose battles are no longer shot as object lessons in military perseverance. (Weitz 11) However, there is very little lessening in our time, of the human scourges of war, famine, rape, avarice, persecution, bigotry, superstition, intolerance, and hypocrisy that make up this element of human corruption that is addressed in Candide. Candide still serves as an effectual whip with which to lash formerly again the perpetuators of this suffering. (Weitz 12) The theme of human misery is Voltaire s primary achievement in integrating ism and literature in Candide. (Weitz 12) Do you think, asks Candide of Martin as they approached the coast of France,that men have eternally massacred each other, as they do today that they have always been false, faithless, ungrateful, thieving, weak, inconstant, correspond spirited, envious, greedy, drunken, miserly, ambitious, bloody, slanderous, debauched, fanatic, hypocritical, and stupid?. Martin replies with further question. do you think that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could find them? of course I do Candide answers. Martin responds,well, if hawks have always had the same character, why should you excogitate men have changed theirs?. Although survey of the characters in the novel sure supports much of this assessment by Martin, one need think only of the snobbish Baron, the silken Dutch captain, Vanderbendur, the Brazilian Governor, the bestial Bat avian sailor, the hypocritical Jesuits, the avaricious Jews, and the thieving abbe from Perigord.Free Candide Essays The Human Corruption Candide essaysHuman Corruption in Candide According to Voltaire, Mans goal is his own happiness. This goal all too often is a mirage. (Gay 26) Man is the prey of his own passion, victim of his own stupidity. Man is the play thing of fate. (Gay 26) The human condition is set with ills that no amount of rationality can cure. (Gay 27) This human condition translates to human corruption. Voltaire hints of this corruption through Candide. Candide impacted society as Voltaire knew it. English Admirals that loose battles are no longer shot as object lessons in military perseverance. (Weitz 11) However, there is very little lessening in our time, of the human scourges of war, famine, rape, avarice, persecution, bigotry, superstition, intolerance, and hypocrisy that make up this element of human corruption that is addressed in Candide. Candide still serves as an effectual whip with which to lash once again the perpetua tors of this suffering. (Weitz 12) The theme of human misery is Voltaires primary achievement in integrating philosophy and literature in Candide. (Weitz 12) Do you think, asks Candide of Martin as they approached the coast of France,that men have always massacred each other, as they do today that they have always been false, faithless, ungrateful, thieving, weak, inconstant, mean spirited, envious, greedy, drunken, miserly, ambitious, bloody, slanderous, debauched, fanatic, hypocritical, and stupid?. Martin replies with further question. do you think that hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could find them? of course I do Candide answers. Martin responds,well, if hawks have always had the same character, why should you suppose men have changed theirs?. Although survey of the characters in the novel certainly supports much of this assessment by Martin, one need think only of the snobbish Baron, the knavish Dutch captain, Vanderbendur, the Brazilian Governor, the bestial Bat a vian sailor, the hypocritical Jesuits, the avaricious Jews, and the thieving abbe from Perigord.

Andy Warhol- Pop Culture

atomic number 91 Culture Spring 2010 Prof. Ho nearly Andy Warhol Pop Art is an blind movement in the U. S. in the 1950s and reached its peak of activity in the 1960s, chose as its subject matter the anonymous, everyday, standardized, and banal iconography in American life, as comic strips, billboards, commercial products, and celebrity images and dealt with them typicall(a)y in such form as let onsize commercially smooth paintings, mechanically reproduced silk-screens, large-scale facsimiles, and soft sculptures(Dictionary). While looking up the definition of Pop Art, Dictionary. om tells you see likewise Andy Warhol. Andy Warhol defined Pop Art. Warhol was a 20th- century American artisan who took simple consumer objects and took them to the level of art. Warhol is best k presentlyn for his precise, enlarged image of Campbells tomato soup(Dictionary). In the book called Andy Warhol prince of belt down written by Jan Greenberg and Sandra Jordan, they stated, The work created by Andy Warhol elevated everyday images to art, ensuring Warhol a fame that has far outlasted the 15 proceeding he predicted for everyone else.He not only produced iconic art that blended high and popular culture he also made controversial films, have his entourage of the beautiful and outrageous he launched Interview, a slick magazine that continues to sell today and he reveled in leading the vanguard of New Yorks hipster lifestyle. Warhols rise, from poverty to wealth, from obscurity to status as a Pop icon, is an absorbing tale-one in which the American dream of fame and fortune is played out in all of its success and its excess.No artist of the late 20th century took the pulse of his time- and ours-better than Andy Warhol. Pop Art influenced popular culture and mass media during the twentieth-century and well into the beginning of the twenty-first-century and no other artists has defined it as well as Warhol. Andy Warhol was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1928. He was a physically and p psychologically fragile from boyhood and insecure about his freakish appearance and his homosexuality. He was emotionally hapless and sexually timid, terrified of Practically everything( Puente). In 1945,Warhol went to Carnegie Institute of Technology where he majored in pictorial design. After college, he moved to New York City and landed a job as a commercial artist, where he worked as an illustrator for several magazines, such as Bazaar, Vogue, and the New Yorker. He also did window displays for retail stores. Throughout the 1950s Warhol won several commendations from the Art Directors club and the American Institute of Graphic Arts and in 1952, he had his first individual show at the Hugo Gallery, showing drawings based on the writings of Truman Capote (Andy).Warhol couldnt figure out how to break through, so he pestered his friends and art-world contacts for ideas. For fifty dollars a gallery owner suggested the cans of Campbells soup(Puente), which is now one of his signature styles. In the 1960s Warhol created several paintings that remain icons of the twentieth century, such has Campbells Soup Cans, Disasters, and Marilyns. Warhol also made several 16mm films, which are hush-hush classics. In 1968, Valerie Solanis, walked into Warhols studio and shot him, the attack was almost fatal. Warhol focused on his paintings during the 1970s. The artist began the 1980s with the publication of POPism The Warhol 60s and with exhibitions of portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century and the Retrospectives and Reversal series(Andy). After routine gall bladder surgery, Warhol died on February 22nd, 1987. Warhol is one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century. David Horowitz states in his book, The Peoples vocalize a populist Cultural recital of Modern America, that Just as some elements of the counterculture expressed hostility to the market, pop art practitioners sought to incorporate the materials of ordinary life into painting and printmaking(Horowitz).Realism and realness were new movements in America during the twentieth century, and modernism and its boost of art to a new level of self-reliance created a new art that summarized the mindset of people and not the physical description of them. Americans moved from rural areas to urban areas that embodied their social position and this was shown in modernists artwork. Warhol took modernism and its assumptions and alter them to his perspective. Warhol made people think what exactly is art? what is an artist? And he changed how art should be displayed.Warhol challenged the modernist perspective and became one of the most recognized artists from the century because of it. Horowitz also explained, using commonly available media like vinyl, Plexiglas, and neon, Warhol elevated consumer objects to the level of art. The legendary figure built a cottage industry around widely disseminated silk screen print replicas of soup and soda cans and images of Marilyn M onroe, winning praise as an egalitarian commemorator of everyday life and a rebel against the elitist art establishment. Andy Warhol has been dead for twenty-three years but his artwork is still popular everywhere. In Maria Puentes article, Andy Warhol is popping up all over the place she talks about how Warhols pop art collections as productive as ever His face stares at shoppers from Gap store windows. His artwork speeds down slopes on snowboards and embellishes Levis jeans, Royal Elastics position and Diane von Furstenbergs upcoming swimsuits. Pop culture fans sport Warhol jewelry and watches. Spritz Warhol perfumes on pulse points and hang Warhol handbags from their shoulders.Enthusiasts can even furnish their homes with Warhol- from rugs to dinner plates to provide linens. I think that Andy Warhol changed how art was viewed in the twentieth century and his artwork has been so popular it is still an ideal most people recognize. In the twentieth century people went saw his art work in museums and in magazines, now his artwork is on clothing items, posters, dinner plates, cards, pins, and everything you can think of. I believe on of his original self-portraits was for sale in November for over one million dollars.If one of his many self-portraits can sell for over one million dollars style his artwork had a huge impact on the culture. Andy Warhol was a leading figure in the Pop Art movement. Campbells Soup Can, a later, enlarged, and quarantined version of the tomato soup can, conveys the erroneous impression that Warhol was out solely to apotheosize the idiom of popular culture (Honnef). Americas social cause were equally important to Warhol. What made American fabulous, he once explained, was that it established a tradition in which the richest consumers basically bought the same products as the poorest.You could watch television set and drink a Coca Cola and you knew the president drank Coke, Liz Taylor drank Coke, and there you were drinking Coke. A Coke was a Coke, concluded Warhol, and no amount of money could misdirect you a better one(Honnef). That insight explains why Warhol set out to achieve something similar in his work of art. He used standardized toil to infuse art with the magic of the perpetually same(Honnef). Andy Warhol enriched the world by providing us with and idol from the world of art. Warhol was an artist of his time.He was a pop artist who saw contemporary art and the art world move to a new era. Warhol was in fact a producer of a software for a form of art which paralleled the social system( Honnef). Warhol reacted to the challenges of his time and gave a new dimension to the world of art. His art had its subversive features, for it uncovered the hidden mechanisms of the modern industrial, the society, and it overt connections that were normally only visible through depth. Works Cited Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. March 2009. Web. 3 March 2010. . Dictionary. com. January 2010. Web. 24 Ma rch 2010. . Greenberg, Jan and Jordan, Sandra. Andy Warhol Prince of Pop. New York Delacorte Press, 2004 Honnef, Klaus. WARHOL. Taschen 2007. Horowitz, David. The Peoples Voice A Populist Cultural History of Modern America. Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY Sloan Publishing, 2008. Puente, Maria. Andy Warhols genius, eccentricities just Pop. USA Today. 11 December 2009. Final ed. Puente, Maria. Andy Warhol is popping up all over the place. USA Today. 1 April 2008. Final ed.

Types of the Radar

Imagine an airplane plummeting towards the ground at a fast pace speed, its foggy outside and impossible for the pilot to regain control of the plane and he has to make an emergency stop, everyone on the plane is panicking but the pilot reassures them a safe landing, because he has a secret weapon called radar. What is radar? Radar stands for wireless detecting and ranging, it is used to aline radio waves and retrieve information and also to transmit radio wave information.Heinrich Rudolf Hertz a German scientist studying electromagnetic theory of light is responsible for the development of the radar system. Along with other less tumefy known scientist under him. There be multiple different types of radar,AIR SEARCH RADAR, meaning plane missiles response.HEIGHT FINDING RADAR- when in the air, trying to call back signal to land. & FIRE CONTROL RADAR.Radar was used a lot back in sophisticated wars, mostly on ships for purposes like to avoid ship hit and to be able to find where the other boat and any other miscellaneous objects where and to either a. have the element of surprise or b. to avoid. Radar thunder mug also be used in the air, fighting while in flight can be even more dangerous than fighting by land or by the sea, but with the use of radar, planes can use antennas to detect other enemy airplanes, they might also have them in modern day airports to help the pilot find the landing strip while in the air, the radar leave behind send transmitted information to the pilot that will help them prepare to land. Its not only used for these practices though it can also be used for many modern day 21 century objects in your home as well such as the microwave oven, the television, antennas and transmitters and the satellite radio.Directions/ example of how a radar would work Magnetron generates high-frequency radio waves.Duplexer switches magnetron by means of to antenna.Antenna acts as transmitter, sending narrow beam of radio waves through the air. Radio waves hit enemy airplane and reflect back.Antenna picks up reflected waves during a break between transmissions. Duplexer switches antenna through to receiver unit.Computer in receiver unit processes reflected waves and draws them on a TV screen. Enemy plane shows up on TV radar display with any other nearby targetsUSES OF RADARThe radar gun, is a device often the police use to all right speeding drivers with, what happens is the police shoot a beam towards your car, the beam reflects off the metal body of the vehicle in question, depending on how high the wave frequencies are determines whether or not you will be issued a speeding ticket.Navigation radar is used in many situations lets talk ships, the navy is the primary users of radar today, it has many uses for them including locating enemy ships, finding the distance of other ships to avoid collision in dreary stand and at night, to navigate on course to contract their various positions at sea so someone is aware of where th ey are if they get lost, measuring surface waves, monitor regular ship movements, sea trade control, to warn of tropical storms and breaking waves and for sea clutters and traffic.Fun fact even though radar is useful to find the enemy the enemy can also find you, the US navy has developed secret radar that is able to hide itself from being found at sea.Weather radar devices electronically convert the reflected radio waves into evidence that show the location and intensity of precipitation and the speed of the wind. It can be used to track the intensity and the location of various types of precipitation. Or where bad weather is coming from and headed, It is also used to detect and track the velocity of thunderstorms and tornadoes.

Ethics †Food Essay

Although most people do not realize it, patrons of food establishments place their lives in the establishments hands. Improper storing and labeling of food items or selling slightly-expired food hatful be tempting from a financial perspective but can lead to serious injury or worse due to food poisoning, cross-contamination or allergic reactions. Food establishments should include firm commitments to food safety in their codes of ethics, always placing food safety above financial concerns. This includes going beyond the earn of the law to enforce the highest product quality standards.A code of ethics should include a commitment to sell only healthy products and never to subprogram harmful ingredients. (http//smallbusiness. chron. com/code-ethics-food-establishments-10815. html) Delicious This tag of Ethics describes standards of conduct for Healthylicious board members, officers, managers and all other employees of Heakthylicious, and has been approved by the Healthylicious Resta urant Group, Inc. Board of Directors. Many of the policies in this Code are based on various laws and regulations. Other are based on business and ethical principles than enhance Healthylicious ability to conduct its business effectively.Others reduplicate basic work rules and principles contained in the Employee Handbook. The purpose of the Code is to provide guidance and set common ethical standards each of us must adhere to on a consistent basis. It governs the actions and working relationships of board members, officers, managers and all other employees in dealing with fellow employees, guests, competitors, vendors, suppliers, governmental and self-regulatory agencies, the media, and anyone else with whom our company has contact. These relationships are essential to the continued victory of Healthylicious restaurant .(www. mortons. com/assets/pdf/code_of_ethics. pdf? ) This Code Requires the highest standards for honest and ethical conduct, including proper and ethical proced ures for dealing with conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships. Requires full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that Mortons files with, or submits to, governmental and regulatory agencies, and in other public communications made by Mortons. Requires compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations. Requires the prompt intimate report of any illegal behavior or violations of the Code. Establishes accountability for adherence to the Code. Provides for methods to communicate violations of the code. * We consider moral as an inevitable factor in feel for on any duties & talking decisions. We try to follow the highest standards based on Sincerity, generosity, conscientious. * We carry on the affairs individually & groups to bring about validity to our company. * We at all times spend all of our energy & resources towards production and services to guarantee our success against our competit or.* We behave equally towards all our guests all race religion, across the country and beliefs. * We offer all our services & productions in highest standard with perfect constancy. * We provide a safe & sanitary environment for all our guests and personal. * We try to stay for well-behaved at highest position & in majority in word, practice ethic affairs. * We promote knowledge, education experience and motivation for all the staff in ready to do their duties in a higher standard. * We provide equal opportunities for anyone to carry on their duties and all the staff which is working in similar level would be evaluated no differently.* We fully try to protect the natural environment and resources while carry on our duties. * We are looking for a fair share of income, no more or less. an. Our Mission To provide a wholesome dining experience, with Top Quality food, healthy and a staff that wants to exceed the CUSTOMERS expectations Our Vision To avow a profitable operation that will continue our TRADITION of Quality Family dining, at a reasonable cost, in a comfortable atmosphere, with exceptional service. Our value We are in business to meet our customers needs. We believe in empowering our staff to resolve customers concerns on the spot. We treasure our employees as we want them to treat our customers. We believe in continuing our Family Tradition. We believe in you the customer, and by this tradition we will continue to make a reasonable profit, that will allow us to remain competitive, healthy, community involved, and a Family Restaurant where generation will continue to gather. We seek your comments, for we realize to exceed your expectations, we need to know what they are. Your safety, health, comfort, nourishment and Quality renovation are Number One to US

Telstra Segmentation

The broadcasted advertisement launched by Tellers a few months ago highlighting the statement we are Australian. D) Electronic Interactive Marketing (internet) When you typeface in Tellers on Google, a sponsored link gets displayed on the right side of your web page which display the different sales promotion undertaken by Tellers. 2. The perambulation target market for all which all these different marketing communication tools are utilise is the market consisting of Australian people, mainly those wanting to purchase a telecommunication providers service.All these communication tools aim at attracting the customers from this market and making them purchase Telltales arrives. Although, the actual market targeted might vary for one communication tool to another, only the conjunction uses these deferent marketing tools to target the entire consumer market right from young to old, students to retirees, etc. As a result it can be verbalise that one of the segmentation variables on the basis of which Tellers targets consumers is the demographic variable of age. 3.Communication Objective Advertising (Outdoor Media/ Billboard) This advertisement aims at attracting the consumers to purchase the latest active phone (Motorola IV) with a Tellers service. The mall feature aimed at attracting the consumers Is the city search application where people can search for restaurants on the their mobile for free and decide on which entrust to have a meal. Advertising (Print Media) This advertisement aims at attracting consumers using the services of other telecommunication providers and makes them sign up with Tellers.Also another objective of the advertisement Is that for load-bearing(a) people to sign up with Big Pond which Is the broadband service offered by Tellers. This can be effective because the benefits offered by Tellers can convince the consumers to pick out Tellers ever other service providers. Broadcast Advertising The aim of the television commercial is to promote among the consumers of Australia that Tellers is indeed an Australian company and to promote such an range of mountains that the customers choose the domestic brand (Tellers) over other International telecommunication service providers (Boatmen). Gun an advertisement can generate great goodwill for the company and play a major role on improving the public traffic. Interactive Advertising Such a sponsored link aims at diverting the maintenance of the Internet user and attracts him/her towards different sales promotion and offers revived by Tellers. Such interactive advertising can at times be non-productive collectable to factors such as not appealing to consumers, consumers least interested in it, not seen by the users, etc. 4.A new marketing communications approach used by Tellers could be handing out mobile connections with minimum credit to the arriving passengers at airports for them to use. In this approach, Tellers sets up counters at the airport arrival lounges an d hands out the mobile connections to the arriving passengers. At times, when people come to Australia from foreign countries, they do not have a ready mobile injection, which they can use to contact their friends or relatives in Australia.They have to go in search of the retail outlets of these service providers and compare the available alternative. This can be a very lengthy and time-consuming carry through at times. In place of this, if Tellers provides free telephone connections to arriving people at the airport with minimum credit, it will be able to improve its public relations to a great extent and the image of the company can also improve drastically. However, such a marketing communications approach can be expensive and at times not be very effective.

Domestic Violence: Beyond Patriarchy

Domestic Violence Beyond Patriarchy In the Beginning The Battered Wo man major powers movework forcet of the 1970s enlightened society ab issue a much secreted, and what at the time, was considered a family matter, that of craze against wo manpower by their staminate intimate partners. some lives gravel been saved as a direct result of societys ordinary aw beness of this much-hidden scourge on our families. Federal and state laws prohibiting Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) experience been en typifyed, and funding has been put in place for battered womens aegis curriculums.These changes have made a significant difference in the lives of battered women and children over the last few decades. The womens liberationist theoretical perspective of IPVIPV has been depicted passim our society as well as how victim function, and batterers intervention programs (BIP) be modeled. Our culture has historic whollyy exhibited certain patriarchal values observ equal to(p) in holiness and loving custom. Working against the backdrop of this history, feminism quite natur completelyy saw an antidote in ending social oppression of women.Wife assault, kept more often than non out of the public view and tolerated by prevailing attitudes, was regarded by feminists as an evil symptom of patriarchy. (Dutton, page 17, 2006) Feminist theory defines IPV as a social problem with a single type of victim i. e. heterosexual women and one root ca theatrical role, that of phallic privilege and patriarchy, which supports staminate domination, power, and control and the oppression of women. The pick up for services for IPVBIPs for womanly perpetrators is obscured and trivialized by this one size fits all view.Dutton describes feminist theory on IPV as being a epitome A paradigm is a mark of guiding assumptions or worldview, commonly sh bed indoors a group and serving to ward off recognition of data that are dissonant with the paradigms underlying tenets. This theory views al l social relations by means of the prism of gender relations and holds that men hold power over women in patriarchal societies and that all domestic military group is either male physical abuse to maintain that power or egg-producing(prenominal) defensive violence used as a self protection. (p. 2, 2005) developed by dint of the anti-rape and battered womens movements.This perspective has been the guiding light for how the social problem of against men by women and The violence against women by men paradigm is so entrenched that if anyone pursues any other theories or presents any data that is contrary to that perspective it is automatically considered anti-domestic violence movement. (Dutton, p. 44, 2005) Lucal (1995) engraft that attempts to discuss the idea of battered husbands started an emotionally charged and fiercely contested debate among questioners which has been the classic debate filled with claims and counterclaims.Much of the debate has been centered around whethe r or non in that respect are very many battered husbands. Most of the debate has been about whether or not battered husbands are a social problem proper of support. (pp. 95-96) Revealing Statistics Dr. Murray Straus, co- installer and co-director of the University of New Hampshires Family Violence Research Laboratory, has studied IPV and child abuse for over thirty years. In study after study he has found that both men and women are capable of being victims and committing IPV.For instance (I? E(Busing data from the National Family Violence Survey of 1975, Straus (l980) found that 11. 6 (2. 6 million nationwide) of husbands account having been the victim of severe violence by their wives. Severe vio1ence was defined as behaviors, such as kicking, punching, beating, or using a knife or gun, that have a high probability of causing physical injury. (as cited in Hines Malley-Morrison, p. 77, 2001) Presenting data that defies feminist logic has caused Dr. Straus and his colleagues sub stantial risk.As a result of the depth of the objections to our finding on assaults by wives, some of us became the object of bitter scholarly and person attacks. These attack included obstruction of my public presentations by booing, shouting, and picketing. In elections for authorisation in scientific societies I was labeled as antifeminist despite being a pioneer feminist researcher on wife beating (Straus, 1973, 1996 as cited in Straus, pp. 225-226, 1992). Suzanne K. Steinmetz, a co investigator in the first National Family Violence Survey, was the victim of more severe attacks.There was a letter-writing campaign opponent her promotion. There were phone calls threatening her and her family, and a bomb threat at a conference where she spoke. (pp. 225-226) Studies such as the National Violence Against Women Survey scarper to filter out male reports of victimization because of the set of the survey (criminal victimization of women) (Dutton, p. 4, in press). However, the National Violence Against Women Survey in 2000(a) reports that more than 834,000 men are raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner each year in the United States.This translates into about(I? E(B32 assaults per 1,000 men. (Tjaden & Thoennes, p. 11) Since the respondents in this study were told they were being interviewed about face-to-face safety issues its quite possible that this number is an underestimate as many of the men may not have perceived the violence that their wives or girlfriends were perpetrating against them as a threat to their safety. (Hines & Malley-Morrison, p. 77, 2001) The Establishment of Services for Male VictimsSpreading the word as news of the availability of DAHMWs helpline became more known, calls from men and those concerned about a male relative or friend whom they thought were in an abusive situation started coming in from around the country. A website was created with teaching on male victimization and other resources and tri-fold brochures speci fically addressing IPV against men were designed, printed and distributed through mailings and placements on community bulletin boards. Consequently, two years after its inception, DAHMWDAHMWIPV. as highlighted in the National discourtesy Prevention Councils book, 50 Strategies to Prevent Violence Domestic Crimes. (2002) as, one of 50 promising programs that offer new and alternative methods to aid under-served victims of violent domestic crime including teens in dating relationships, elderly victims of late-life abuse, child witnesses to violence, battered immigrants, male victims, and survivors in the gay and lesbian community. In 2003 Verizon began to publish the crisis line in a number of their phone books. next calls to helpline have grown exponentially from fourteen a month in 2001, to over three hundred calls a month in 2006. The vast mass of the calls continue to be from or about a male victim (and children) of female Information gathered from male callers to the helplin e shows that some violent women use super physically disabling tactics on their victims. According to qualitative accounts, several physical attacks are reported to have occurred to the groin area, as in the following examples G reports that his estranged wife frequently targeted his testicles in her attacks, which included head butting and choking.Police were called to his home six times, one call resulted in the wifes arrest. I was writhing, crying in the corner, I couldnt get up for two hours she kicked me in the groin at least 12 times. She held a knife to my balls and threatened to come them off. (Hines etal, p. 66, 2007) The stigma attach to being a man abused by a woman is profound. Many men report that they were taught never to hit a girl, be strong, do not cry and do not tell your personal business to anyone from their parents and caregivers. There is also a cultural belief that men should be able to defend themselves.However, if a man does defend himself against his abusive female partner and the police are called, the man is the one that will be arrested. When Dwayne Bobbit had his penis cut off by his wife in 1993, it was a big joke for late night comedy. Lorena Bobbitt was found not guilty by reason of jury-rigged insanity. The reaction would have been entirely different had the genders been reversed. (Dutton, p. 148, 2006) Law Enforcement and the Courts Response The concerned family members and the victims themselves to the DAHMW helpline have recounted reports of the lack of concern for male victims Misconceptions and RealitiesFeminists theorists assert that womens violence against men is little presumable than mens violence against women to result in serious physical or psychological harm. (Dutton & Nichols, p. 697, 2005) They use this claim to dismiss womens violence against men and male victims. Women, in general, may not be as big or strong as men are, however, what women lack in size and strength they consecrate up for with the u se of weapons. Research conducted at an emergency clinic study in Ohio (Vasquez & Falcone, 1997, as cited in Dutton & Nichols, 2005 ) revealed that 72).The authors reported that burns obtained in intimate violence were as frequent for male victims as female victims. As this study demonstrates, community samples, unless they require subjects to self-report as crime victims, show a different and more uniform pattern of violence by gender than that alleged by the(I? E(Bfeminist perspective(I? E(B. Regardless of the variations in the studies, two conclusions seem reasonable (1) women are injured more than men, and (2) men are injured too, and are not immune to being seriously injured. Simply because the injury rates are lower, men should not be denied protection. (Dutton & Nichols pp. 97-678, 2005) The feminist perspective of IPV being predominantly patriarchal in nature also excludes much of the victims in LGBT community. The LGBT community has had to set up their own domestic violenc e shelter programs that primarily or exclusively protect, educate and serve LGBT individuals who are victims of IPV. (e. g. see the www. gmdvp. org, www. lagaycenter. org/FamilyViolence etc ) According to Helfrich & Simpson (2006) lesbians have a difficult time accessing services through the traditional battered womens shelter programs due to the lack of policies to screen lesbian survivors and identify batterers.Lesbian batterers may use deception to access services through the same agency as the survivor and there are little to no stopgap measures taken to deal with those situations. (p. 344) Beyond Patriarchy, Alternative Theories on IPV Dutton (2006) asserts that the beaver predictor of intimate partner violence is not gender but reputation disorder (p. 153). Since the beginning of the battered womens movement, researchers who have studied maritally violent men have often treated batterers as a homogeneous group. They have measured violent husbands by comparing them to nonviol ent ones.However, more recently they have found that violent husbands vary along a number of important dimensions, including severity of violence, anger, depression and alcohol abuse. (Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart, p. 476, 1994) More recently, researchers have begun to investigate what fastener styles and personality disorders have to do with IPV. The focus for this paper regarding typologies of batterers is on the dysphoric/borderline subtype and so a full description of each subtype of batterer is beyond this review. For more information of the various subtypes please review, Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart, 1994 Holtzworth-Munroe et al. 1997 Holtzworth-Munroe et al. , 2000 Waltz et al. , 2000 Babcock et al. , 2003 Carney & Buttell, 2004) Researchers have found that batterers are more likely a heterogenous than a homogeneous group and within that heterogeneous grouping various subtypes of batterers exist. Seminal research done by Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994) studied violent men and ascertained various typologies of male batterers. Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart categorized three major subtypes and they labeled them, family only, dysphoric/borderline, and mostly violent/ antisocial. (Holtworth-Munroe & Stuart, p. 76-482, 1994) Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart described dysphoric/borderline batterers as those who engage in moderate to severe wife abuse as well as psychological and sexual abuse. Their violence is primarily towards the family however, they suggested that some extra familial violence and criminal behavior may be evident. Additionally, they found that these men are the most dysphoric, psychologically inconvenienceed, and emotionally volatile and that they have license of borderline and schizoidal personally characteristics. The may also have problems with alcohol and drug abuse. (ibid. According to Dutton (2006), Across several studies, implemented by independent researchers, the prevalence of personality disorder in wife assaulters has been foun d to be extremely high. These men are not mere products of male sex role conditioning or male privilege as the feminist theory of IPV suggests they possess characteristics that differentiate them from the volume of men who are not repeat abusers. (p. 185) In addition to research on subtypes of batterers, there is also evidence to suggest that early chemical bond has mien on what type of person may have the propensity towards perpetrating IPV.Buttell et al (2005) states that the presence of batterer subtypes is widely accepted in the field and that findings from their study seem to suggest that issues of attachment and dependency may be related to the development of an abusive personality for one type of batterer. They state that if true, efforts to improve intervention may need to focus on distinguishing batterer subtypes and developing intervention strategies relevant to the need for each subtype. (p. 216) Attachment styles may be the key to unlock many doors for both female an d male perpetrators of IPV.Dutton in his book, The Abusive nature, reiterates Bowlbys findings on attachment styles In his landmark series of books entitled Attachment and Loss, Bowlby developed the notion that human attachment was of last importance for human emotional development. In his view, it had sociobiological significance. His views encompassed the possibility of individual differences that came to be called attachment styles referring to entire constellations of thoughts and feelings about intimacy.Reactions to the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of early attempts at attachment set up life-long attachment styles described as secure, fearful, or dismissing. The dismissing people tend to be wary of and stay out of relationships. The secure ones are comfortable with closeness. The fearful ones are stuck in the middle, exhibiting ambivalence toward intimacy and to those with whom they are emotionally connected. (as cited in Dutton, p. 116, 1998) Dutton (1998) further postula tes that this push-pull reaction of the fearful attachment styled person resembles the ebb and flow of what he has coined the cyclical personality. Dutton reports that in his notes on phrases used by female victims to describe their male batterers (who were clients of Duttons) there was a recurring theme. They would express that their partners would act like Jekyll and Hyde and appear to be two different people at times. They also said things like, Hes like living with an emotional roller-coaster, and describe their mates as moody, irritable, jealous and changeable. (p. 53) This cycling was first recognized by Lenore Walker in her book, The Battered Women, as the battering cycle. (as cited in Dutton, ibid. As Dutton set out to gain some understanding of a cyclical or phasic personality he came across a book by John G. Gunderdson entitled, Borderline Personality Disorder Duttons research regarding attachment, borderline and the batterers cyclical personality has been focused on mal e on female IPV, however, in his recent book, Rethinking DV, he discusses female perpetrators new-fangled research has begun to explore the role of fearful attachment, borderline traits, and chronic trauma symptoms, which generates what Dutton calls the abusive personality among female perpetrators of partner abuse.Follingstad, Bradley, Helff, and Laughlin (2002) generated a model for predicting dating violence in a sample of 412 college students. (as cited in Dutton, p. 201, 2006) They found that anxious attachment resulting from early life experiences led to the development of an angry temperament, which in turn related to attempts to control and use abuse against an intimate partner. The model predicted abusiveness for both genders (ibid. ) Other researchers have also hypothesized about subtypes of abusive males and females.For instance, Buttell et al (2005), states that researchers are beginning to explore the role of attachment theory and develop hypotheses on abusive behavior s relevant to different subtypes of abuser in order to improve intervention efforts for batterers. (p. 211) Gormley (2005) concluded that, Insecure adult attachment orientations affect half the adult population, helping to explain the prevalence of mens and womens IPV. Women with insecure adult attachment orientations may be as much at risk as similar men of psychologically and physically abusing romantic partners, oing damage to relationships they may be socialize to value highly(I? E(B. (p. 793) womanly Batterers Scant research has been done on female batterers however, due to the changes in mandatory arrest policies more women are being arrested than ever before. The debate about whether or not women perpetrate IPV has changed noticeably of late due in part to the fact that women are increasingly being arrested, prosecuted, and sentenced to intervention programs for domestic violence offenses.Womens arrest for IPV is a direct result of law that has mandated the arrest of perpe trators in cases where police become involved when a domestic dispute has occurred. Warrantless arrest legislation gives police the power to arrest the abuser and press charges themselves when called to a domestic dispute. The victim no longer needs to press charges against the perpetrator. The arrest of women was certainly an unintended consequence of this legislation and has had a dramatic impact on the national debate regarding female initiated IPV. Carney & Buttell, p. 249, 2004) Feminist theory of IPV has created a dilemma regarding intervention services for female batterers. At present, the most prevalent legislated BIPs the system has set up are for dealing with batterers comes from the feminist model of IPV. egg-producing(prenominal) batterers who are convicted of domestic assault and court tell to attend a BIP have little choice but than to attend the feminist model of BIPs when court ordered to do so. (Carney and Buttell, p. 50, 2004) In addition, research on these Dulut h Model BIPs indicate that few men who complete treatment benefit from it to the extent that they demonstrate positive changes in their behaviors. Of course, if men are not benefiting from a program that is specifically designed for patriarchal batterers then certainly abusive women will benefit even less. (ibid. ) According to Babcock & Siard (2003) some of the women arrested could have been acting in self-defense and were therefore falsely arrested but others with extensive violent histories may in fact be primary aggressors. p. 153) Men who are arrested are not habituated the same latitude. Babcock et al. (2003) mentions that in a study of women arrested for IPV, Hamberger and Potente (1994) found women who could clearly be identified as primary aggressors of IPV, yet in the treatment setting they were generally treated the same as those women who used self defense. (as cited in Babcock & Siard, p. 154). Babcock et al. (2003) proposed two categories of female batterers, those t hat were partner-only and those that were generally violent.The partner-only category covered women who may be more likely to use violence in self-defense and the generally violent women (of more interest for this paper) were women who used violence in any manner of situations including against their romantic partners. (pp. 153-154) Many studies on male batterers include reports from their female victims however, the researchers in this study did not ask the male victims for reports of their partners violence. Iit is interesting to note that violent women were asked to report on their male partners violence against them. (p. 57) They further note that power and control seems to be an issue for some abusive women and they suggest that womens power and control issues, traumatic histories, and psychological distress should be explored and indicate that clinicians may want to assess for psychopathology (i. e. post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, etc. ) (ibid. ) Recent studies have found that womens and mens violence share similar correlates (Giordano, Millhollin, Cernkovich, Pugh, & Rudolph, 1999 Magdol, Moffittt, Caspi, & Silva, 1998 Moffitt, Robins, & Caspi, 2001 as cited in Babcock et al, p. 53, 2003) therefore, they may also share similar motivations and circumstances. Female Batterers from Victims Reports Hines et als (2007) research provides some insight into female batterers from their male victims. Female abusers likely have a history of childhood trauma, may be suffering from a mental illness, and are likely to use alcohol and/or drugs. Further, these women have a high rate of threatening either suicide and/or homicide. (p. 9) As previously stated, women have been asked to report on their male batterers and although this is not the ideal way to obtain information on batterers, feminist researchers have been gathering information in this way from battered women in shelters for years. (e. g. Walker, 2000 as cited in Hines et al, p. 69, 2007) Conclusion Men are victims of female perpetrated IPV and need services such as shelter, legal aid, support and counseling much the same as their female counterparts. Additionally, mens reports of victimization should not be called into question but treated with the same respect as womens reports.Protocols should be put in place within the domestic violence shelters programs, for law enforcement and the courts that will screen out potential female and male batterers so that victims are not judged by their gender. There is a dearth of research of female batterers and what has been presented from the feminist theory suggests that violent females use violence in self-defense. As we move away from the feminist theory of IPV researchers are discovering that childhood trauma, insecure attachment styles, mental illness, and/or alcohol and substance abuse play a role in IPV for both genders.Not all male batterers fit into the feminist theory of IPV, there are subtypes of batter ers and attachment style plays a role in who perpetrates IPV. The subtype that is the focus of this paper is that of the borderline, cyclical batterer. Female batterers also show symptoms of having subtypes evidenced by reports from male callers to the DAHMW. Studies are beginning to assess psychological factors that predict female intimate partner violence. What is emerging is evidence of personality disorder, attachment style, and constricted affect that has also been seen in male abusers.Female abusers share much of the same traits as male abusers especially antisocial and borderline personalities. (Dutton, p. 203, 2006) As Babcock et al. (2003) explain, the feminist perspective should be holistic, examining both the positive and negative sides of womens behavior. Bringing attention to some women being in the role of perpetrators, not solely as the victims of intimate partner abuse, involves viewing women as they are, not as we would wish them to be. (p. 160) References About Th e Author

Humor and the lower class in Shakespeare Essay

From the jigging veins springs the flow and creates a hilarious touch in the heartbeat of souls- This is incredulous the power of no body else except Shakespeare. Shakespeare was a truly amazing 17th Century literary dude, creating the whole new gamut of hu bit d consume and emotions of both high and low, royal and sundry, rescue their lives in the fold of his words through his tragedy, romantic, hi fabrication and drollery rounds. Shakespeare is an appropriate symbol of human life which brings tear and smiles, sighs and shouts of joys.So beyond bringing the tears and pondering over the history, he reaches the heart of man with his comedy plays. funniness of Shakespeare moves in a world of its own away from satire or moral reforms. The comedy appears in the Renaissance period in its new form breaking from its conventional mode. Since sixteenth speed of light this term was in use exactly to incorporate numerous types among whom many resembled the Greek and Latin comedies. The renaissance though saw the slight change in the trend of the comic strip but the spirit remained the same.Before it, comedy was performed in the form of farce and clown-age by roaming entertainers and captured the morality completely due to its popularity. The comedy espouses the influence of not l angiotensin converting enzyme(prenominal) with the plays of Plautus and Terence, but also showed the signs of Latin forms, the biblical Terentian plays, and the story with the theme of the Prodigal Son. The result was quite visible as thither on the stages were seen the entire new style of dramatization of story and scenic entertainments which were full of fun and frolic.Shakespeare also used what has become the tradition in the British Society, to laugh at a characters lack of intellect. Shakespeare uses fools who were considered to be lacking in intelligence but are actually wiser, and clowns. These clowns were generally innocent characters, ignorant, sometimes dull witted and create d a situation that is almost out his scope and thus keeps the comic actions going. By using the fools he sprinkled his plays with Jokes meant for the common man touching the audiences intellectual level. The best example of the use of the fools is Falstaff in I Henry IV.Falstaff is an embodiment of the vice of vanity, dishonest, proud and pretentious but on the other hand coward also, thus providing an entertainment value. The brothers Dromio in the Comedy of Errors is also fine example of the fools. Comedy of Error is Shakespeares earliest and classically inspired comedy particularly using the Plautuss farcical play Menaechmi ( Twins). He created the comic scenes with the common people who found themselves engulfed in a farce of mistaken identities, due to the two pairs of twins who were separated because of the storm in the sea.Some of the humor in Comedy of error is derived from the puns and wordplay, but the wide part of it comes from slapstick and mistaken identity, and its d istinct in the sense that it observes classical unities. This complete play is entertainment, but under the layers of the fun also lays the deeper themes, which includes the nip of self identity versus reality, the essence of time, coincidence and love. Because of the confusion, both the Syracusan and Ephesan twins sometimes think they have gone insane which shows the Shakespeares keen interest in showing the characters tortuous soul.The play also highlights the fact that even the lightest farce can create emotional resonance. This play was prime(prenominal) published in the first Folio in 1623 and is considered as Shakespeare shortest play. The comedy ends when both sets of twins were reunited. Shakespeare made his play more complex than Plautus by adding second set of twins. The other plays that can be considered nearer to the Comedy of errors in the pretense are the two gentleman of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew and A Loves Labors lost.The 1590s era saw changes in trend in t he plays Mid Summers Night Dreams and the Merchant of Venice. These plays were different in tone coming under the kin of Middle Comedies and are the proof of the Shakespeares genius to experiment with the plays. Mid Summers Night Dreams beautifully presents the bumbling and unconsciously comic townspeople, creating yet another chapter of bringing the common frivolities, vices, situations and circumstances that these townspeople creates for themselves and thus is emerged the amusing scenes.But these plays not alone arouse the comic relief but also create the like adapted feelings. We can also see what is known as the Mature Comedies in this the most popular The romantic plays Much Ado About Nothing, As You same(p) It, The Merry Wives of Windsor, and Twelfth Night. totally these plays are considered as joyous comedies with characters always smiling and are sympathetic. Written around 1599 and 1600, these plays were at the peak of the Shakespeares biography in the field of high c omedy with generally having beautiful, intelligent, and strong-minded heroines, as the central characters.These plays were in sharp contrast to the satire, and reflect Shakespeares not only the mastery of his art but also congenial temperament that he shows towards his characters. Soon after mature comedies, Shakespeare produced problem comedies in his three playsAlls Well That Ends Well, Troilus and Cressida, and Measure for Measure. The problem comedies deals with the complex and unpleasant themes and its characters have certain amount of moral flaws which are more severe and difficult to change than the characters in the farces or the joyous comedies.Light hearted humor is seen in these plays which are emotionally rich and dramatically exciting and stimulating to the consumeers. Alls Well That Ends Well, create verbally around 1603 follows the conventional pattern of comedy, and as its title suggests the play ends with the reunion of a separated couple, but this reunion is deep ly troubling. Hereby Troilus and Cressida are exclusively different in the sense that for many days it was unknown whether it was tragedy, history or comedy. The essence of Romanticism showers in the comedy of the Shakespeares plays, and the lives hovers over the behind ground and atmosphere of Shakespeare.Shakespearean comedy is primarily the comedy of love. The atmosphere is full of the genial of love and friendship. In his comedy love is a government agency of human fulfillment, and far from raising the lovers thoughts about basic desires, the romantic inserts the feeling of passion. The romantic comedy has characters ranging from servants, drunkards, constables and clowns. The main characteristic feature of the Shakespeare comedy is the beautiful faction of realism and fancy. The characters are drawn from the world of men and women. They have to suffer like ordinary mortals experiencing adversity, separation and disappointments.The characters and scenes though are viewed thr ough magic casements which transforms reality, the settings in his plays are generally imaginative- an unknown island, Thebes, Arden, Illyria, and Venice each are conceived in the sparkling light of a beautiful fancy, yet they are all real and gauze-like from our daily real lives. The contemporary figures and fashions as in Loves Labors Lost Bottom and his companions mingling with the fairies, this union of realism and fantasise is the cardinal characteristic feature of Shakespeare romantic world. The worldly wisdom and deep comprehension of life made his comedies more realistic.Under the humor and fun there lies the tone of didacticism with the complex moods and subtlety in the characters. His comedies are also marked by the optimism and are the pictures of life in sunnier aspects. Shakespeare began his journey of comedy where Lyly left, and he was able to find his way to create an intense mood of seriousness in the comedy. It is said that in comedy, Lyly is Shakespeares model an d its influence is far more lasting than any other. Shakespeare imitates the grouping style of Lyly and consequently repeats the relation or situation in successive plays.It was from Lyly that Shakespeare learned unity and coherence of plot-construction, basically in the inlet of songs and fairies. (Looney, 1997-2002). And the fine example is Love and Labors lost. He was also influenced with Greene which led to the creation of The Two Gentlemen of Verona. But the most influence that is created on his works is from Plautus and Terence. Plautus devices used in the plots reads like ten-twenty-thirty thrillers of the nineteenth century involving abandonment of infants, kidnapping, piracy, shipwreck, tokens of recognition, changes of identity, keyhole listenings and strange rescues.His world constitutes the characters ranging from scolding matrons, lying and thievish servants, specie lenders, procurers and sycophants, all belong to the lower or middle strata of the caller but in the end always the knaves are punished and its titles reflects the plot like The tamper of the Hidden Pot of Gold, The Haunted House, How the Sham Steward Got Paid for His Asses, and The Play of the Caskets. The same is true with Comedy of Error which is derived from the Plautuss farcical play Menaechmi (Twins).In this play Plautus uses laughter to dwell and come out with the human foibles including the mistaken identity. As in Comedy of Errors in Plautus play, only one servant appears and he is traveling with a twin who stays outside their native country. The citizen twin has a shrewd wife, a father-in-law and a schoolmistress named Erotium, and thus all these involves trickery, sex intrigue with the husbands blatant infidelity.And this mistaken identity are wrangled a jeweler, a merchant, parasite, a physician and the courtesan. indeed the story and plot of the Shakespeare and Plautus are same but Shakespeare gives very little of farce. There are two distinct patterns in which Shak espeare comedy moves, one from society to wilderness and then back to the better society and the second pattern is from union to wandering and then back to union. (Flachman from midsummer magazine, 2001). The first model emerges in the play A Midsummer Nights Dream.This play takes its characters from the urban lands to the green world of forest and then back to the pilot society whereby they have learned the true way of living from the freedom that they enjoyed in green world of the Forest. In the Midsummer Night Dreams all attained the practiced fortune only by staying one night in enchanted woods. As opposed to these plays, the other plays like in Twelfth Night, The Comedy of Errors, and Alls Well That Ends Well, specifically in the comedy of errors the characters first are united, separated and then united.In, many of the comedies the conclusion is the happy marriage. These patterns help us to read in depth the chapters of our lives and try to solve the problems faced by us in a much comic manner. The Midsummers Night Dreams is different then the Comedy of Errors in the sense that its the Bards original wedding play. According to many scholars it is a light entertainment to accompany a marriage jubilation and unlike Comedy of Errors Shakespeare does not rely on existing plays, narrative poetry, historical chronicles or any other source materials, making it an absolutely original piece.The main plot of the play involves the two set of couples The Hermia and Lysander, and Helena and Demetrius whose romantic endeavors are complicated due to their entry into the fairyland woods where the King and tabby of the Fairies Oberon and Titania rules and the Puck or Robin Goodfellow, who are the folk characters plies his trade. Thus there is also an element of fantasy in this play which is totally wanting in the Comedy of Errors with an exception of twins.A Midsummer Nights Dream contains lyrical expressions of love and dreams, and the creative imagination of both. These two patterns, are born(p) from the plays, the Jorge de Montemayors Diana, which is a Spanish pastoral romance who in celebrating the love, moves from society to wilderness and then back to the reformed and much cherished society, and the second posters from the story of Titus and Gisippus in Sir Thomas Elyots The Governor, and its plot moves uniting the characters and then leave them to wander and again back reuniting them.Shakespeare was a versatile character and the growth his life lies in its model of versatility which is amply clear in all his plays whether it is tragic, history or comedy, versatility lies in all and he is always experimenting with the words so conclusion to the human heart and that makes the Shakespeare unique.BIBILIOGRAPHY 1.Flachmann Michael, (2001), The two Comic plots of Verona, From Midsummer Magazine, Utah Shakespearean Festival Home Page, Retrieved on 19th March 2007 from W. W. W http//www. bard. org/education/resources/shakespeare/twogentscomi c. hypertext mark-up language 2. Looney J Thomas, Shakespeare Identified, Chapter XI, Edward De Vere Middle Period Dramatic Foreground, Retrieved on 19th March 2007 from W. W. W http//www. shakespearefellowship. org/etexts/si/11-5. htm.

3m Case: Business Strategies over Its History Essay

1. Describe the organizational structures and devices 3M uses to encourage entrepreneurial activity. Why do they work? 3M heavily based its personal credit line on mutation and while doing this it al ship manner supported its employees in terms of being innovative. 3M also always followed the alternative ways in order to increase their profit and market share, and they fix that one of the best ways is with organizational innovation. Therefore, in order to improve their business 3M enlargeed 6 different strategies over its history.These strategies helped 3M to publicise entrepreneurship and increase customer satisfaction within the market. First schema of 3Ms was getting clam up to customers and misgiving their needs.3M started their businesses by selling sandpaper and the only way they could generate sales was by getting close to the customers and demonstrating their returns for them. This helped them to understand customers needs better based on the feedbacks they get fr om demonstrating their products to this selected group of customers. Afterwards, as a s strategy they tried to seek out niche markets no matter how minor(ip) they are.Following the success of the first strategy, 3M found that if they offered customers what they wanted, these customers will be loyal to their smart set. Thus they developed the second strategy to seek niche markets no matter how small, as this will allow them for charge aid prices for their products. Then they included product diversification as the third strategy. By being close to the customers, 3M set problems that they can solve for their customers through technical expertise. This was efficient as it ensure that they continued to diversify their product offerings by developing in the buff products to solve rude(a) or unat track downed customer needs.Once 3M found a new product to offer in their niche market they would move on to develop related products and thus occupy leadership positions in these markets. As the fourth strategy, they gave importance to the product using and innovation through look. This strategy was developed in line with the third strategy which was encouraging diversification. If 3M where to everlastingly diversify their product and service offering, the company understood that a support to its system is needed on with improved innovation and new product development to ensure that the company continues in line with their business model.As it is real important in any kind of developing business and as by time 3M gained a good place in market, they decided to get cognition sharing strategy as the fifth one. This became official with the establishment of the technical forum in 1950s, with the aim of sharing knowledge within the company. This forum comprised of technical council and directors that held annual shows to encourage knowledge sharing in 3M. And lastly, as the sixth strategy they decided to adopt encourage achievement through a rewarding system. This strategy was adopting an employee judgement scheme that was encouraging achievement by rewarding employees who generated successful business ideas. Employees that successful innovate new products are promoted to be the managers of that product division, this ensured that other staff members are motivated to work harder and discover new product innovation as they seek to one day become managers of their developed product lines.2. How does 3M divide between incremental and fundamental innovations? 3M established a new product development central query laboratory in 1940 in other to distinguish between fundamental and incremental innovation. This approach helped the company to explore the feasibility of new products or technologies that were not related to existing ones. Incremental innovation means innovation made based on existing products and technologies while fundamental innovations are those that are not related to existing products or technologies.In the 1980s, two separate laboratories were developed in order to call the long term and the short term researches. Short term researches were more of incremental innovation that were intentional to respond to industrial and consumer needs, life science, electronics and information technologies and graphic technologies with a life span of 1-5 years. However the unified lab was designed for fundamental innovations with researches of over 10 years. 3. Describe, as best you can from the case, the horticulture of the organisation. What does this wager upon?3M based its success on entrepreneurship fundamentals and innovation. Innovation was encouraged originally in an informal way by the founders, but was later formalized over a century into an organizational culture. The organizational culture is one which encourages innovation, and it has helped 3M to realize success over the years as it was perpetuating itself. Actually this specific culture of 3Ms evolved from the place of origin which was called Minneso ta Nice. It is described as a non-political, low ego, egalitarian and non-hierarchical, indefatigable and self-critical. 4. Why has 3M been such a successful innovator for so long?3Ms success in innovation can be traced back to their employee appraisal. This is because the organization has found the missing link which numerous organizations tend to overlook when it comes to showing appreciation towards employees efforts. 3M is achievement oriented and achievement particularly through research was rewarded through promotion. For instance, successful new product teams were spun off to form a new division in the organization. The leader of the team is often the general manager of the new division and this w as seen as a great motivator. Lesser achievements were also rewarded and failure is not punishable. This increase in 3M employees motivation level has been the key to their long term success as their staffs continually give out their best for the organizational success. 5. Can othe r companies just copy 3Ms structures and culture and become successful innovators also?It is very popular among firms to copy the other firms ideas if these other firms are especially profitable. It can be said that if right copied, organizations that copy 3Ms strategies and culture can be successful innovators as because, 3Ms culture mostly employee appraisal and in business psychology. It can be said that the appraisal has been rated high as change magnitude employees motivation level and enhancing organizational success.

Flakes designs

1 . turkey cock Blake was a creative and booming surf pioneer/ power, a creative legend in the history of the sport, who almost single- contactedly modify surfing from a primitive Polynesian curiosity into a 20th century lifestyle. In the process, he was responsible for preserving much of surfings oral history as well as resurrecting the streamlined surfboards of ancient times. Tom nominated the first hollow surfboard. At 15 feet long, 19 inches wide and 4 inches thick, it weighed less than 100 pounds an radical light board for its time. Blake patented his Hawaiian Hollow Surfboard in 1930, and soon almost each racing battledores were hollow.Not only did the hollow boards work well in the surf by staying a bollix and creating it easier to maneuver but they were the consummate lifesaving tools. Adopted on the mainland by the American Red Cross life Saving Division, the Hawaiian Hollow Surfboard tot tout ensembley revolutionized piss rescue techniques in the United States and just about the world. This wasnt enough for Tom Blake as he then went on to invent surf photography straight known and recognized as a common thing among some he bought a 4xx camera from Duke Kinkajou, created a waterproof housing for it and photographed Whiskys surfers from his paddlers.Published in National Geographic in 1935. Flakes photos not only impressed and introduced a wider audience to the Joys of surfing but similarly inspired two novel California surfers to take up cameras John Doc Ball and Don James and both became known surf photographers. After this he then went on to give his surfing paddlers more directional stability, Blake created (and patented) a small, keel-like fin, although the importance of this invention wasnt really appreciated until the late ass when Bob Simmons, Joe Quick and others began to use them.Blake also invented the sailing surfboard, a concept that pres advanced the windsurfer. Besides being a freethinking innovator and champion waterman, Bl ake was a visionary surfer, himself a prototype for an emerging lifestyle. Flakes passion and enthusiasm as a surfer and clothes externalizeer shaped the fundamental steps of our surfing life as it is today, Blake was a highly successful designer in the world of the ocean and surf crafts. Without him surfing or other waterspouts much(prenominal) a kite surfing or paddle boarding wouldnt be the same today.In my opinion Flakes passion and discern for the water has driver him to become the most successful and creative surf designer to this day and has changed the life of many ocean enthusiasts . Whilst turkey cock turkey was create surfboards and ocean designs in the sasss the technology he utilize was not all as snazzy as some you can get your hands on to date. In proverb that too handcraft and design a surfboard the basic tools and techniques work best. As with my work, Tom Blake uses woodwind and materials to create his innovative ideas to do with and push him to strive in what he loves most and has passion for, surfboarding and the ocean.To experiment and test ideas and designs to maximize the surfboards ability. Tom struggled at first with the production of his designs as the technology he could access was not advanced to create these rodents fast and precise. A few of the basic tools tom utilise to craft his hollow surfboard A. K. A the cigar recession was The hand plane The bow saw In my school project, the wooden hand board. I am using all of the same tools as tom but some slightly advanced and less time consuming such as the saber saw or Jigsaw where the bow saw was used and an electric sander where some of the sanding was do by hand.Although to shape the board I am still using a hand plane, hardly the same as Blake had used in the production of his designs including the first fin the hollow surfboard AKA the cigar box. Blake had an extraordinary skill when it came to shaping anything and a saw of any type fit in his hand perfectly. Tom had an unusual sense of creating ideas from his mind and carving it out of wood perfectly. This is what helped him thrive to create such innovative designs with low technology. Tom is an inspiration of many shapers, surfers and surf photographers to this day and will always be remembered as the man who shaped the surfing world.Flakes designs and models he made then went on to be factory get upd as he sold the rights of the design off. The machine and technology then used to create these roads, waterproof housings for cameras etc. Was then at a much higher abideard and used mostly computer based and high tech machines. 3. There atomic number 18 a huge mannikin of career opportunities for Blake as he offers such a high range of skill and creativity in the design world, tom has a ability to apply attention to detail also a actually special skill of being able to create and design what he imagines.With toms variety of skills there are many careers and paths tom could arouse traveled into, things such as Surfboard shaper -for tom this would be an underestimate of himself and his skill, UT he could easily pursue a life in shaping surfboards or surf crafts. For tom this was only a hobby side of his life to maximize the crafts for his passion of the ocean, and produce a new and ameliorate surf craft so that everyone could enjoy the thrills of surfing and not have to carry a 200-pound board.Architecture- if tom would have liked to veer his life into a completely diametric outlook and way of living he would have been very successful in the architecture design as he has the ability to imagine and picture designs in his head and make them real, in architecture this is primary(prenominal). Toms creativity would have successfully ordered him through things such as house design and building design. Not that tom would enjoy this, as it has nothing to do with his love of the ocean.Photography- although photography is not looked at as a very high classed career option as there are so many photographers in toms time (sasss) the idea of surf photography was pretty unknown and foreign, Toms ability to stand out from the crowd and think outside of the box would and DID help him to create a footprint in the surf photography world. The Idea of creating a waterproof housing for a camera so that he could take his Fussily camera given to him by his dad is Just the kind of innovative and unalike thinking photography needsBuilder- Tom being able to picture where things could go and where things could be improved and how they could be improved would drive him through and kind of building, have it be construction, furniture, houses, functional or aesthetic, tom would be successful again with his ability to see where things go and need improvements. Toms picturing mind is a key step to any construction and design/production Job. Tom was a very quite child as he had lost his mother to tuberculosis at a young age and his father had given him to distant relatives as he was coping bad with the others death.Toms quite persona ace to him writing down and recording most things he did. This was is important as Recording your work is an important key to the design world and without it its hard thrive in your area. Although Tom was quite he unquestionably spoke through his actions and designs The nature of toms work was in many aspects impressive and enjoyable for tom as the satisfaction of being a part of the surfing world and remembered by everyone was what pushed tom. The passion of the surfing and the love of ocean were really shown through his work and designs.

MBA Admission questions

challenge 1 Discuss an event or process from your relieve oneself experience which has contributed to your personal/ master using under the following headingsMy leadership skills have evolved through with(predicate) a combination of experiences that armed serviceed shape my personality and skills. ace of such incidents occurred as I was involved in a go out with local city military chemical group Supply Company aimed at implementing their energy savings programs for Small and Medium Business Organizations in California. prudent for re anticipate on the existing standards used in lighting requirements by these business owners and benefits the program was evaluate to generate for the company and the community, I had to complete my work with a proposal outlining various energy savings programs. My involvement was also definitive since being of Indian descent I could more easily pertain with local Indian community business owners targeted by the program.I saw the project as an fortune to help people with energy conservation, a task I consider of great importance twain to society and individual businesses. This approach worked as more and more people were beginning to see our project as a helping hand that solved some of the most pressing concerns of their businesses. As a result, our company was able to service many an(prenominal) customers, supplying business owners with the lighting equipment required for implementing the savings program. by from enjoying this as a personal success, the most important benefit I received from the program was the role to my professional development.In meeting local community leaders and members of the chamber of commerce, I learned a great variety show of perspectives, received important insights into the life of our community, and built an extensive network of connections in divergent industries and public entities. Since our target audience was not limited to Indians, through interaction with professionals fr om disparate ethnic and racial backgrounds I developed cross-cultural skills and learned the value of respect and harmony in such relationships. I learned successful cooperation, working together with business development managers from power supply companies in search for mutually beneficial solutions. Finally, I learned the importance of presentation skills that often decide the success or failure of a project. This experience proved invaluable in other projects, helping me see threadbare issues in a new light.Question 2 What are your aims for your future public life development?How leave MBA assist you in achieving your aims?At the moment, I am engaged in a wide hurl of company initiatives as various levels, participating in many projects and assisting on the merchandise aspects of planning and organising. Although my professional activity in itself offers great possibilities for professional development, I feel that at this point I also need a more strategic focus to my act ivities. Through MBA courses, I hope to learn different models applicable to the business situations in my organisation and find more effective ways to promote its success. An MBA period will also be an effective tool for helping me rise one step hike up in the hierarchy, reaching a point where I can turn my strategic vision into a greater contribution.My ambition is to rise through the ranks, achieving a position in the senior management. Although future will define the height to which I can get, I have the ambition to become the Chief executive Officer of a reputable business organisation, possibly a multinational company. Adding an international touch to my vocation is my long-standing ambition. At this point, I have profited from personal atmosphere of the local business that allowed me to develop most important business skills. In the future, I want to move into the international environment where my experience of going through an MBA program with a diverse body of students will definitely be an asset.Thus, I view MBA as an important instrument of professional enrichment and upward career mobility. Receiving this degree will expand my acquaintance, develop my skills and help me occupy a position that will realize my full potential.Question 3 Describe how work experience could be used as a source of information for your learning and for contribution to group discussion?The bulk of my work experience is connected to the marketing aspect of business. In my opinion, this function provides picture show to many different aspects of organisational activities and gives a bird-eyes view of the companys strategy and prospects.Thus, my current instrument in California-based KMK Supply Company as Marketing Manager has given me insights into the energy sector, a of the essence(p) part of the US economy. Involvement in this sector has also exposed me to interactions with a vast variety of businesses from different industries that all use power in their work. Imp lementing different energy conservation projects, I learnt many new things about the environment in which our organisation works and the US economy in general. This faculty to see things in perspective will be valuable and help me contribute to group discussions.In my previous job as Marketing Executive at Vardhaman Chemicals, I was exposed to various aspects of manufacturing and marketing various chemical composites. I have intuitively understood many aspects of the companys operations, gaining knowledge that I hope to expand through courses of the MBA program. Interacting with people in a large organisation on a daily basis, I honed my intercultural and interpersonal skills, strengthening my knowledge of human psychology and negotiation skills. Nevertheless, my career has included many difficult episodes of interaction with different kinds of people from all layers of the organisational hierarchy that will pass a valuable addition to the scope of the course content. Having exper ience with different functions of business, I can in effect draw on my past professional experience in discussions of classroom topics.

Decomposition Lab 5

Lab 5 DECOMPOSITION (Nov 2, 2011) Introduction Decomposition is the break drink down of native material into its sm exclusivelyer molecules and elements. (This term is generally considered as a biotic process but unitary may find it also used to describe an abiotic process, e. g. , due to weathering. ) The decomposing organisms may use the release of elements for food for thoughts and by breaking apart the carbon-carbon bonds in total matter this can release energy for them.These smaller molecules and nutrient elements may also become available for use by the primary producers (i. e. , plants and phototropic microorganisms). Decomposition is an important blackguard in the food chain and contributes to the nutrient cycling within an ecosystem. Most of the ingrained matter in an ecosystem ultimately passes through the decomposer subsystem. Decomposition of organic matter is a major ecosystem process involving an array of contrary organisms.The catabolism (breakdown of molecules into smaller units) of the organic compounds is mostly accomplished by bacteria and fungi. However if one considers ravageting as the disappearance or breakdown of organic litter then the discolouration fauna (invertebrates such(prenominal) as the springtails, mites, isopods, etc) must be included in this array of malicious gossip biota that contributes to the guff of organic matter. Wood decomposition is also influenced by the fungal species that break it down.Some of these species form brown corruption (where only cellulose and hemicellulose are broken down leaving lignin which is brown), while others form white rot where all three are broken down). The majority of fungi are white rotters, but brown rot fungi are ecologically important because they form long-lived nurse logs. Decomposition rates depart due to abiotic factors such as moisture level, temperature, and estate type. The rates also vary depending on the make out of initial breakdown caused by the prior consume rs in the food chain.The more broken down the organic matter (greater surface area exposed), the faster is the final decomposition. There are a variety of methods to confine decomposition rates. For example, 1) metric weight unit loss (a change in organic matter mass over time) such as using litter bags or core sampling 2) organic tissue or broker substrate changes (e. g. , weight or concentration changes of cellulose or lignin) 3) microbial populations (fingerprinting the microbial populations present and their changes) and/or their bodily function (e. g. CO2 evolution using alkali traps eg, restorative calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or detection of CO2 in gaseous exemplifications e. g. , InfraRed Gas Analyzer-IRGA, gas chromatography-GC. Objectives 1. Determine CO2 evolution as an indicator of decomposition and microbial populations from the hardwood, conifer and garden soils using a static soda lime trap. 2. Determine the effects of isopods on decomposition of vine maple leaves 3. Examine differences between brown and white rot in wood crumble 4. Solve a problem set using conifer needle mass loss info from litterbags. . Soil CO2 evolution using the Soda Lime technique (a static-chamber method) CO2 evolution allow for be determined from the soil surface beneath conifer trees (Douglas-fir and cedar), deciduous hardwood trees adjacent to Winkenwerder Hall, and a nigh garden soil on campus using the static trap soda lime technique. Soda lime gains weight when exposed to CO2. The main components of soda lime are Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (about 75%) water system H2O (about 20%) Sodium hydroxide NaOH (about 3%) Potassium hydroxide KOH (about 1%) The method is base on the adsorption of CO2 by soda lime that is measured by a weight gain. The following absorption reactions occur 2NaOH+CO2picNa2CO3+H2O Ca(OH)2+CO2picCaCO3+H2O Procedure 1. Obtain soda lime 2. run dry the soda lime in a clean beaker at 105 C in a drying oven to study adsorbed moisture (212 Bloedel) 3. When dry (probably overnight or until it stops losing weight), weigh out approximately 10 g into a soil can (record to at least the nearest 0. 001g). 4.A plastic container (16 cm diam) is used as a chamber to trap CO2 evolving from the soil. 5. At the field sites place the soil can with soda lime on the soil and then place the plastic container upside down over it and push its edges into the soil to form a seal around the beaker to trap CO2 from the soil respiration. 6. Also place a control ( dummy) sample of soda lime in a soil can in the field also under a plastic container, but one that has a bottom on it (aluminium foil) so that it does not allow CO2 evolving from the soil to be adsorbed.This control (blank) is do by as all other samples except that it is not exposed to soil CO2 evolution. 7. Incubate for 24 hr (leave in situ so that CO2 evolution has been subjected to abiotic/biotic fluctuations occurring over the diurnal period). 8. After 24hr remov e the soda lime from under the can and put the top on the soil can to nutrition CO2 exchanges from occurring. 9. Dry the soil can of soda lime (uncovered) in the drying oven at 105 C (overnight sufficient) and then reweigh. 10.Three replicate samples are used for the conifer, hardwood and garden soils as well one blank at individually site. 11. At each site record pH and temperature in the upper 5 cm of mineral soil. Make general observations about the amount of roots you see at each site Calculation The difference in weights before and after incubation is an estimate of the grams of carbon dioxide evolved from the soil. engender this weight by a correction factor* of 1. 69 (due to 1 mole of water generated by each mole of CO2 absorbed by the lime) (Grogan 1998).The units are g CO2 per container area per 24hr. This is reborn to g CO2 m-2 hr-1. S = (Wsl x 1. 69) / (Ac x T) where, S is CO2 evolution (g CO2 m-2 h-1), Wsl is the soda lime weight gain, 1. 69 is the C absorption rate of soda-lime, Ac is the chamber area (m2), and T is the sampling time in hours. Do the same calculation for the control (blank) and subtract that value from the sample calculation to derive the correct CO2 evolution from the soil. In Excel conduct an Analysis of class (ANOVA) to determine if there are significant differences (P